Previously we looked at the neuron, the core cell of the nervous system, and then began studying the organization of the central nervous system starting with the cerebrum.
This week, we are ready to explore the cerebellum – its structure, function and how it is affected by various diseases.
Structure & Function
The cerebellum is a part of the hindbrain and has two hemispheres, just like the cerebrum.
The cerebellum helps control and coordinating movement and precise processes in conjunction with the motor cortex in the frontal lobe and thalamus. It is also associated with Pavlovian learning, also known as classical conditioning. The cerebellum also adjusts motor output to deal with different conditions, from aging to more immediate changes, like picking up a full or empty cup. When we learn how to walk, bike or play an instrument, the information is stored in the cerebellum – but is recalled by the cerebral cortex.
In addition, it is a part of non-declarative memory, also known as procedural memory. It includes learned habits and skilled behavior – such as remembering how to ride a bike. The cerebellum is specifically involved with memories that involve complicated motor tasks. Other parts of the brain involved with this type of memory include basal ganglia and amygdala (read more about them here).
Diseases
Any negative effects to the cerebellum can cause poor coordination, balance, or even difficulties in speech. (Although speech is controlled by Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in the cerebrum, the motor information is in the cerebellum.)
ADHD
By looking at studies with twins and siblings, scientists have determined that there is a genetic aspect to ADHD, especially genes that affect dopamine and norepinephrine (two types of neurotransmitters). We often see that people with ADHD have altered activity in the pathways in the brain between “cortex, striatum, and cerebellum, especially in the right hemisphere.”
Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which the myelin sheaths in the nervous system are broken down, impairing the function of the areas affected. The cerebellum is often affected, leading to imbalance and blurriness, as a result of the cerebellum controlling eye movements.
Blog by : Lasya Kambhampati
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